FOR MENTAL HEALTH:
SUPPLEMENTS:
Vitamin B3 (niacin or niacinamide) 0.5 – 2 grams 3 times daily.
Vitamin B6 (for many) 250-500 m.g. daily.
A general B vitamin formula.
Vitamin C, 3 or more grams daily.
Zinc (gluconate or citrate) 50 m.g. daily.
Manganese 15-30 m.g. daily (if there is danger of tardive dyskinesia).
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Dr. Abram Hoffer : “Niacin is effective in decreasing the death rate and in expanding longevity for other conditions, not only cardiovascular diseases. It acts by protecting cells and tissues from damage by toxic molecules or free radicals.”
Dr. Abram Hoffer : “It is highly likely that any human population which increased the intake of Vitamin B3 in everyone, by even 100 m.g. per day and to much higher levels in people already suffering from a number of pathological conditions, will find a substantial decrease in mortality and an increase in longevity.”
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WEB: The primary orthomolecular approach to schizophrenia is niacin or niacinamide (vitamin B3) in > 2 g/d doses. In double-blind trials, 3 grams of niacin daily resulted in a doubling in recovery rate and a 50% reduction in hospitalization. Later double-blind trials did not reproduce the positive results, but Hoffer contends these trials were poorly designed. Subsequent research has been too meager to quote. There are several complexities to niacin therapy. It must be at least 3,000 mg per day in divided doses. It must not be "time release" forms made by pharmaceutical companies that are dangerous and the root cause of the irrational fears of niacin. There are several forms of niacin. Make sure you follow Dr. Hoffer's guidelines. It's most effective if the patient's schizophrenia is a fairly recent development. Ignoring these issues is probably why some studies are negative. Please keep in mind there are websites dedicated to trashing megavitamin therapy. They modify other's writings from 1998, change the wording a little, and pretend it's their own recent writing. They then copy and paste the same negative plagerism under several of Hoffer's books. On their web site they reference journal articles "disproving" megavitamin therapy but when you take a closer look at the journal articles, they are often not related to the issue at hand. Doesn't it seem strange they have to go back all the way to 1973 to find a legitimate and relevant negative reference? That's over 30 years ago. Dr. Hoffer has done a lot of research since then. At 88 he's still mentally active, publishing, and treating patients. His research in the 1950's that showed niacin improves schizophrenia was the first double-blind study in psychiatry. Dr. Hoffer has been trying to make psychiatry a science for a long time, but the influence of money has been a much tougher opponent than ignorance and Freud.
Mental Health
Tardive Dyskinesia
Medically Reviewed by Smitha Bhandari, MD on January 12, 2023
Written by WebMD Editorial Contributors
Symptoms
Causes and Risk Factors
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prevention
4 min read
Tardive dyskinesia is a side effect of antipsychotic medications. These drugs are used to treat schizophrenia and other mental health disorders.
TD causes stiff, jerky movements of your face and body that you can't control. You might blink your eyes, stick out your tongue, or wave your arms without meaning to do so.
Not everyone who takes an antipsychotic drug will get it. But if TD happens, it’s sometimes permanent. So if you have movements you can't control, let your doctor know right away. To ease your symptoms, your doctor may:
Lower the dose
Add another medication to counteract the movements
Switch you to a different drug
Symptoms
Tardive dyskinesia causes stiff, jerky movements that you can't control. They include:
Orofacial dyskinesia or oro-bucco-lingual dyskinesia: Uncontrolled movements in your face -- namely your lips, jaw, or tongue. You might:
Stick out your tongue without trying
Blink your eyes fast
Chew
Smack or pucker your lips
Puff out your cheeks
Frown
Grunt
Dyskinesia of the limbs: It can also affect your arms, legs, fingers, and toes. That can cause you to:
Wiggle your fingers
Tap your feet
Flap your arms
****** out your pelvis
Sway from side to side
These movements can be fast or slow. You may find it hard to work and stay active.
Causes and Risk Factors
Antipsychotic meds treat schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and other brain conditions. Doctors also call them neuroleptic drugs.
They block a brain chemical called dopamine. It helps cells talk to each other and makes the muscles move smoothly. When you have too little of it, your movements can become jerky and out of control.
You can get TD if you take an antipsychotic drug. Usually you have to be on it for 3 months or more. But there have been rare cases of it after a single dose of an antipsychotic medicine. Older versions of these drugs are more likely to cause this problem than newer ones. Some studies find a similar risk from both types, though.
Antipsychotic medications that can cause tardive dyskinesia include antipsychotics like:
Haloperidol (Haldol)
Fluphenazine
Risperidone (Risperdal)
Olanzapine (Zyprexa)
Your chances of getting TD go up the longer you take an antipsychotic medicine.
Some drugs that treat nausea, reflux, and other stomach problems can also cause TD if you take them for more than 3 months. These include:
Metoclopramide (Reglan)
Prochlorperazine (Compazine)
You're more likely to get it if you:
Are a woman who has gone through menopause
Are over age 55
Abuse alcohol or drugs
Are African American or Asian American
Diagnosis
TD can be hard to diagnose. Symptoms might not appear until months or years after you start taking antipsychotic medicine. Or you might first notice the movements after you've already stopped taking the drug. The timing can make it hard to know whether the medicine caused your symptoms.
Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS): If you take medicine for mental health conditions, your doctor should check you at least once a year to make sure you don't have TD. They can give you a physical exam called the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale, which will help them rate any abnormal movements.
They can also do tests to find out whether you have another disorder that causes abnormal movements, like:
Cerebral palsy
Huntington's disease
Parkinson's disease
Stroke
Tourette's syndrome
To rule out these conditions, you may get:
Blood tests
Imaging scans of the brain, such as a CT or MRI scan
Treatment and Prevention
The goal is to prevent TD. When your doctor prescribes a new drug to treat a mental health disorder, ask about its side effects. The benefits of the drug should outweigh the risks.
If you have movement problems, tell your doctor but don't stop taking the drug on your own. Your doctor can take you off the medicine that caused the movements, or lower the dose.
You might need to switch to a newer antipsychotic drug that may be less likely to cause TD.
There are two FDA-approved medicines to treat tardive dyskinesia:
Deutetrabenazine (Austedo)
Valbenazine (Ingrezza)
Both of these medicines work in similar ways to regulate the amount of dopamine flow in brain areas that control certain kinds of movements. Both can sometimes cause drowsiness. Austedo also has been shown to sometimes cause depression when used in patients with Huntington's disease.
There's no proof that natural remedies can treat it, but some might help with movements:
Ginkgo biloba
Melatonin
Vitamin B6
Vitamin E