Many local variants of the Greek alphabet
were employed in ancient Greece
during the archaic and early classical periods,
until they were replaced by the classical 24-letter alphabet
that is the standard today, around 400 BC.
All forms of the Greek alphabet were originally
based on the shared inventory of the 22 symbols
of the Phoenician alphabet,
with the exception of the letter Samekh,
whose Greek counterpart Xi (Ξ)
was used only in a sub-group of Greek alphabets,
and with the common addition of Upsilon (Υ)
for the vowel /u, ū/. The local, so-called epichoric,
alphabets differed in many ways:
in the use of the consonant symbols Χ, Φ and Ψ;
in the use of the innovative long vowel letters (Ω and Η),
in the absence or presence of Η in its original
consonant function (/h/); in the use or non-use
of certain archaic letters (Ϝ = /w/, Ϙ = /k/, Ϻ = /s/);
and in many details of the individual shapes of each letter.
The system now familiar as the
standard 24-letter Greek alphabet was originally
the regional variant of the Ionian cities in Asia Minor.
It was officially adopted in Athens in 403 BC
and in most of the rest of the Greek world
            by the middle of the 4th century BC